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Decades of economic decline led a state agency in 1990 to designate the City a distressed municipality. In 1996, the Federal Government closed the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, which had been located in the Fort Trumbull area of the City and had employed over 1,500 people. In 1998, the City s unemployment rate was nearly double that of the State, and its population of just under 24,000 residents was at its lowest since 1920.

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The takings before us, however, would be executed pursuant to a carefully considered development plan.

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in a case upholding a mining company's use of an aerial bucket line to transport ore over property it did not own, Justice Holmes opinion for the Court stressed the inadequacy of use by the general public as a universal test. Strickley v. Highland Boy Gold Mining Co., 200 U. S. 527, 531 (1906). We have repeatedly and consistently rejected that narrow test ever since.