It kinda-sorta-maybe feels like an issue with Windows' USB MTP support...

There's three (common) ways for a USB device to present storage to a computer:

- PTP (Picture Transfer Protocol), mainly used by cameras
- MTP (Media Transfer Protocol), used by various media devices, including Android phones and (I think) non-tablet Kindles.
- MSC (Mass Storage Class), mainly used by hard disks, USB sticks, etc.

If MTP support was broken, it may well cause the Kindle and phone issues, without affecting other types of devices. (The only other device I might expect to use MTP from your list would be the iPod Shuffle, but being Apple they may well eschew a standard like MTP and use a proprietary alternative).

Are the devices listed in Device Manager when connected? I think they'd probably be under 'Portable Devices', and would probably have a yellow warning mark.

I'm guessing you don't have another computer you can try?